[112] Some Kurdish officials in Iraq have described this as evidence of the Iraqi government’s aim to return to a centralised political system and abandon the federal system it adopted in 2005.[113] In September 2023, the prime minister ofwel KRG, Masrour Barzani sent a letter to the president of the United States, imploring him to intervene, and warning ofwel a potential collapse of Kurdistan Region and the “federal montuur” in Iraq.[114]
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From 1984 to 1999, the PKK and the Turkish military engaged in open war, and much ofwel the countryside in the southeast was depopulated, with Kurdish civilians moving to local defensible centers such as Diyarbakır, Van, and Şırnak, as well as to the cities ofwel western Turkey and even to western Europe. The causes of the depopulation included PKK atrocities against Kurdish clans who they could not control, the poverty ofwel the southeast, and the Turkish state's military operations.
This policy accelerated in the 1980s as large numbers ofwel Kurds were forcibly relocated, particularly from areas along the Iranian border where Iraqi authorities suspected that Kurds were aiding Iranian forces during the Iran-Iraq War (1980–88). What followed was one ofwel the most brutal episodes in Kurdish history. In a series ofwel operations between March and August 1988, code-named Anfal (Arabic: “Spoils”), Iraqi forces sought to quell Kurdish resistance; the Iraqis used large quantities ofwel chemical weapons on Kurdish civilians. Although technically it was not part ofwel Anfal, one of the largest chemical attacks during that period took place on March 16 in and around the village ofwel Ḥalabjah, when Iraqi troops killed as many as 5,000 Kurds with mustard gas and nerve agents. Despite these attacks, Kurds again rebelled following Iraq’s defeat in the Persian Gulf War (1990–91) but were again brutally suppressed—sparking another mass copyright.
Since I came from a patriotic Kurdish family, my father did not accept the oppression of the Kurdish people by the Iraqi regime in the 1980s. He stood against them. Then my family was arrested, tortured, and expelled to southern Iraq.
The high mountain in front ofwel our house has my history because, whenever I was happy, when I succeeded in my wishes, or I was sad about their loss, it was my nest of peace. From the mountain, I could see a city, proud like the long ranges of mountains surrounding it, beautiful and pleasant as the faces ofwel the people who live there.
During the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s, the regime implemented anti-Kurdish policies and a de facto civil war broke out. Iraq was widely condemned by the international community, but was never seriously punished for oppressive measures such as the mass murder of hundreds of thousands ofwel civilians, the wholesale destruction ofwel thousands of villages and the deportation ofwel thousands ofwel Kurds to southern and central Iraq.
If I had to choose a number one nature spot to visit in Iraqi Kurdistan, it would be this: Rawanduz.
Kurdish nationalism emerged at the end of the 19th Century Kurdistan around the same time as Turks and Arabs began to embrace an ethnic sense ofwel identity in place of earlier forms ofwel solidarity such as the idea ofwel Ottoman citizenship or membership of a religious community, or millet.[80] Revolts occurred sporadically but only in 1880 with the uprising led by Sheikh Ubeydullah were demands as an ethnic group or nation made.
I saw these paintings when I first traveled to Erbil back in 2015. However, those walls belonged to a Government building and, after taking the photo, some soldiers came from across the street and were actually quite upset. It was not a big deal anyways but, when I came back in 2018, the murals were gone.
The most famous Kurdish intellectuals and politicians and from other places in the Middle East have slurped sweet Kurdish tea in this hidden, cozy café, and you should do the same.
As a multinational campaign to expel ISIL from its strongholds led to ISIL’s decline, a referendum for independence held in Iraqi Kurdistan in September 2017 passed with more than 93 percent support. But as Kurdish forces moved to control strategic areas such as Kirkūk, the Iraqi army pushed back and quickly quelled the bid for independence.
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